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Send this Playlist by SMS
Melhores fotos do Canadá 2010/ Best photos of Canada 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 05 Jul 2012
jaimejt.
http://wn.com/Melhores_fotos_do_Canadá_2010_Best_photos_of_Canada_2010
Fotos de canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
este es el mismo video de antes pero re-editado con un poco mas de exp y ayuda.
http://wn.com/Fotos_de_canada
este es el mismo video de antes pero re-editado con un poco mas de exp y ayuda.
- published: 15 Nov 2008
- views: 4248
- author: Andrés Ortiz
CANADA, Toronto, Montreal, Niagara, Quebec, Rocosas Canadienses, Fauna Canada.m2ts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Especialistas en Canada.
http://wn.com/CANADA,_Toronto,_Montreal,_Niagara,_Quebec,_Rocosas_Canadienses,_Fauna_Canadam2ts
Fotos de Toronto Canadá "Pictures Toronto Canada"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Confira várias fotos de Toronto Canadá "Pictures Toronto Canada"
http://wn.com/Fotos_de_Toronto_Canadá_Pictures_Toronto_Canada
Confira várias fotos de Toronto Canadá "Pictures Toronto Canada"
- published: 12 Nov 2012
- views: 167
- author: Realidade Canadense
Paisagens do Canadá (Fotos)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 23 Mar 2013
Lindas paisagens do Canadá.
http://wn.com/Paisagens_do_Canadá_Fotos
Behind the scenes at a McDonald's photo shoot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Isabel M from Toronto asked "Why does your food look different in the advertising than what is in the store?" http://qmcd.ca/MOwwgV Our answer? An exclusive ...
http://wn.com/Behind_the_scenes_at_a_McDonald's_photo_shoot
Isabel M from Toronto asked "Why does your food look different in the advertising than what is in the store?" http://qmcd.ca/MOwwgV Our answer? An exclusive ...
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 8623142
- author: McDonald's Canada Channel
fotos canada 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 05 Apr 2013
aqui va un video kon las mejores fotos de canada...
http://wn.com/fotos_canada_2007
aqui va un video kon las mejores fotos de canada...
- published: 26 Nov 2007
- views: 608
- author: ferputoamo
Fotos de H O M en Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:13
- Updated: 15 Apr 2013
Fotos de la gira de H.O.M. en Canada, verán cosas que no han visto en video. https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/amanecio/id581825603?i=581825640&ign-mpt=uo%3D4.
http://wn.com/Fotos_de_H_O_M_en_Canada
Fotos de la gira de H.O.M. en Canada, verán cosas que no han visto en video. https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/amanecio/id581825603?i=581825640&ign-mpt=uo%3D4.
- published: 27 Jul 2010
- views: 957
- author: CopaRecords
FÉRIAS TEEN - CANADÁ - FOTOS - 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Fotos da viagem Férias Teen da BIL Intercambios em Julho/2010 - www.bil.com.br.
http://wn.com/FÉRIAS_TEEN_CANADÁ_FOTOS_2010
Fotos da viagem Férias Teen da BIL Intercambios em Julho/2010 - www.bil.com.br.
- published: 15 Feb 2011
- views: 315
- author: Bil Intercâmbios
CANADA visit visite visita homeless SDF indigente Pictures,Photos, fotos-Toronto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 16 Mar 2012
Visit Canada (He!) pictures of canada Visitez Canada!-Photos Visita Canada!- Fotos Canadian homeless; SDF Canadiens; indigentes canadienses. Toronto pictures.
http://wn.com/CANADA_visit_visite_visita_homeless_SDF_indigente_Pictures,Photos,_fotos-Toronto
Visit Canada (He!) pictures of canada Visitez Canada!-Photos Visita Canada!- Fotos Canadian homeless; SDF Canadiens; indigentes canadienses. Toronto pictures.
- published: 19 Oct 2009
- views: 753
- author: naibafrocker
Fotos de la pelea de Mexico vs Canada ..
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 13 Mar 2013
Sigueme en Twitter --------) https://twitter.com/titorecord1 Agregame a Facebook ----) http://www.facebook.com/titoelabusador.
http://wn.com/Fotos_de_la_pelea_de_Mexico_vs_Canada_
Sigueme en Twitter --------) https://twitter.com/titorecord1 Agregame a Facebook ----) http://www.facebook.com/titoelabusador.
- published: 13 Mar 2013
- views: 189
- author: juan alexis bautista
Fotos canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 09 Apr 2013
Las mas bonitas.
http://wn.com/Fotos_canada
fotos de la canada de caracheo 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 29 Mar 2013
algunas fotos.
http://wn.com/fotos_de_la_canada_de_caracheo_2008
fotos de Montreal, Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
fotos de Montreal, Canada.
http://wn.com/fotos_de_Montreal,_Canada
Fotos do Canada 2 006.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:29
- Updated: 01 Mar 2012
Galerinha.
http://wn.com/Fotos_do_Canada_2_006avi
Lee Joon Gi fotos en canada (BORN AGAIN)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 11 Apr 2013
álbum dauser sesión de fotos en Canada.
http://wn.com/Lee_Joon_Gi_fotos_en_canada_BORN_AGAIN
Fernando-Yuppie-Session-de-Fotos-Canada-Landyachtz.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
http://wn.com/Fernando-Yuppie-Session-de-Fotos-Canada-Landyachtzmp4
- published: 06 Sep 2010
- views: 100
Fotos do Canada 2 005.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
Wpg.
http://wn.com/Fotos_do_Canada_2_005mpg
"Fort Nelson" Sepp's photos around Fort Nelson, Canada (fort nelson canada fotos)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 15 Feb 2012
Preview of Sepp's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/sepp/4/1212253680/tpod.html This blog preview was ...
http://wn.com/Fort_Nelson_Sepp's_photos_around_Fort_Nelson,_Canada_fort_nelson_canada_fotos
Preview of Sepp's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: http://www.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/sepp/4/1212253680/tpod.html This blog preview was ...
- published: 17 Mar 2011
- views: 67
- author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOW2
Fotos - Vancouver - Canada - Space Center - Marjorye
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Fotos - Vancouver - Canada - Space Center - Marjorye.
http://wn.com/Fotos_Vancouver_Canada_Space_Center_Marjorye
Fotos - Vancouver - Canada - Space Center - Marjorye.
- published: 05 Feb 2010
- views: 61
- author: kleberPorciuncula
SDC - VERNON CANADA VIDEO FOTOS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 28 Jul 2010
Estas son algunas de las actividades y lugares que encontrarás en Vernon Canadá. Todos los colegios de colombia ya pueden organizar su viaje de inmersión con...
http://wn.com/SDC_VERNON_CANADA_VIDEO_FOTOS
Estas son algunas de las actividades y lugares que encontrarás en Vernon Canadá. Todos los colegios de colombia ya pueden organizar su viaje de inmersión con...
- published: 28 May 2009
- views: 368
- author: jordanyto
photo: AP / Alastair Grant
23 May 2013
May 23, 2013 -- Updated 0227 GMT (1027 HKT). London (CNN) -- Security experts are starting to analyze events leading up to the horrific cleaver attack of a man believed to be a British soldier on the suburban streets of London. One key line of inquiry they'll be following among the many leads. How does this attack relate to other incidents around the world? ... READ. Victim hacked to death ... Terrorism expert on London attack. Cameron ... Witness ... ]....(size: 9.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jon Super
23 May 2013
The former South Africa international remarks that it would be "very strange" to see the forward in a different shirt and hopes that new boss David Moyes will carry on winning EXCLUSIVE. By Juliet Bawuah. Former Manchester United defender Quinton Fortune feels that it would be "very strange" to see Wayne Rooney playing for another club ... MANCHESTER UNITED LATEST ... "I can't see Rooney playing anywhere else," he told Goal ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: US Navy / Alan Radecki courtesy Northrop Grumman
21 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, in revolution it is both virtue and terror. virtue without terror is fatal; terror without virtue is powerless."-Maximilien Robespierre speaking to France's National Convention, 1794. If the French Revolution gave the world a new and enlightened but terrorist means of killing, so did America's Global War on Terror....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu
21 May 2013
ENUGU, Nigeria (AP) — Nigeria's military said Tuesday that the West African nation would release some of the prisoners it has taken in the country's fight against Islamic extremists — including all the women now held in custody ... The leader of the Islamic extremist network Boko Haram, the main group now fighting the government, repeatedly has mentioned security agencies arresting members' women and children. In the statement, Brig. Gen ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / Charlie Riedel
22 May 2013
AP ... Scientists concluded the storm was a rare and extraordinarily powerful type of twister known as an EF5, ranking it at the top of the enhanced Fujita scale used to measure tornado strength....(size: 0.9Kb)
Edit
noodls
24 May 2013
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada) ... for Niagara Falls, Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, attended the grand opening of the Sheldon Kennedy Child Advocacy Centre and announced that close to $350,000 in federal funding will be made available to the Centre to help young victims and their families ... This noodl was issued by Embassy of Canada in France and was initially posted at france.gc.ca....(size: 2.8Kb)
Edit
North Jersey
24 May 2013
TORONTO (AP) — Canada said Thursday that it is considering retaliatory measures against the United States in a dispute over meat-labeling rules that Ottawa and the World Trade Organization consider discriminatory ... "Canada will consider all options at its disposal, including, if necessary, the use of retaliatory measures," the statement said ... imports of livestock from Canada cutting Canadian cattle shipments to the U.S....(size: 1.9Kb)
Edit
Seattle Post
24 May 2013
TORONTO (AP) — Canada said Thursday that it is considering retaliatory measures against the United States in a dispute over meat-labeling rules that Ottawa and the World Trade Organization consider discriminatory ... "Canada will consider all options at its disposal, including, if necessary, the use of retaliatory measures," the statement said ... imports of livestock from Canada cutting Canadian cattle shipments to the U.S....(size: 2.5Kb)
Edit
noodls
24 May 2013
Government of Canada) ... "One of Canada's development ... The initiative, which is supported by the Canadian International Development Agency and the Government of Colombia, will be implemented over five years (2013-2018) by a consortium comprised of Save the Children Canada and the Norwegian Refugee Council....(size: 1.6Kb)
Edit
noodls
24 May 2013
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada) ... Rice is not grown in Canada, so rice products listed as domestic were manufactured or processed in Canada using imported ingredients ... While Health Canada has not set standards for cadmium levels in Canada, the cadmium levels observed in this survey were well below the Codex Alimentarius Commission's established maximum level of 0.4 ppm of cadmium in rice....(size: 2.3Kb)
Edit
noodls
24 May 2013
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada) ... 16), fails to highlight Canada's commitment to promote the health of women, newborn, and children ... Canada has led the way through our initiative for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, garnering support among the G-8, other key donors, and private foundations to reduce the mortality rates of mothers and their children....(size: 2.4Kb)
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The Washington Post
24 May 2013
TORONTO — Canada said Thursday that it is considering retaliatory measures against the United States in a dispute over meat-labeling rules that Ottawa and the World Trade Organization consider discriminatory ... More business newsWhat the you and the Senate need to know about Canada ... While immigration reform continues its crawl through Congress, Canada and Ireland are capitalizing on our immigration dysfunction....(size: 3.6Kb)
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noodls
24 May 2013
Dickson paints a distorted picture of Canada's commitments to reducing avoidable tuberculosis-related deaths in the developing world ... In 2010, Canada announced a commitment of $540 million over three years to The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) ... Canada's generous contribution to GFATM has made TB treatment accessible to 9.3 million people....(size: 2.1Kb)
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noodls
24 May 2013
(Source. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada). OTTAWA - The Honourable Kerry-Lynne D ... . What. ... When ... (PDT) ... This noodl was issued by Embassy of Canada in France and was initially posted at france.gc.ca....(size: 1.2Kb)
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noodls
24 May 2013
(Source. Volleyball Canada) ... The 30th seed Canadians in their first tournament together, rebounded a few hours later to beat 14th seeds Greta Cicorali and Viktoria Orsi Toth of Italy 21-16, 21-12 ... This noodl was issued by Volleyball Canada and was initially posted at www.volleyball.ca ... (noodl....(size: 1.3Kb)
Edit
Canada announces roster for friendly against Costa Rica this coming Tuesday (Vancouver Whitecaps FC)
noodls24 May 2013
VANCOUVER, BC - Vancouver Whitecaps FC confirmed today that goalkeeper Simon Thomas has been called up by Canada for international duty in the final week of May ... Canada's roster selection for the friendly features a mix of European-based players with a sizeable contingent from MLS clubs as well ... The Canada-Costa Rica friendly in Edmonton is part of Canada's continued preparations for the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup to take place in July....(size: 2.9Kb)
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noodls
24 May 2013
(Source. Water Polo Canada) ... The competition is co-hosted by Capital Wave Water Polo Club and Club de water-polo de Gatineau on behalf of Water Polo Canada. These are the last two events of the 2013 National Club Championship season which began on March 29 ... ... and the final at 2.20 p.m ... with Dollard against CAMO ... Results. click here ... This noodl was issued by Water Polo Canada and was initially posted at www.waterpolo.ca ... (noodl....(size: 2.2Kb)
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The Irish Times
24 May 2013
A settlement of more than $16.5 million (€12.75 million) has been agreed with the Irish Christian Brothers in sexual abuse bankruptcy proceedings concluded for more than 400 survivors in the United States and Canada. The alleged abusers operated schools run by the congregation in 17 US states as well as Canada ... ... Unsecured creditors ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation).
|
Canada
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin) "From Sea to Sea" |
||||||
| Anthem: "O Canada" Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"[1][2] |
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.svg) |
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| Capital | Ottawa 45°24′N 75°40′W / 45.4°N 75.667°W / 45.4; -75.667 |
|||||
| Largest city | Toronto | |||||
| Official language(s) | English and French | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Chipewyan, Cree, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Canadian | |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy[4] | |||||
| - | Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||
| - | Governor General | David Johnston | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Stephen Harper | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Beverley McLachlin | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Commons | ||||
| Establishment | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Constitution Act, 1867 | July 1, 1867 | ||||
| - | Statute of Westminster | December 11, 1931 | ||||
| - | Canada Act | April 17, 1982 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,984,670 km2 (2nd) 3,854,085 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 34,839,000[5] (35th) | ||||
| - | 2011 census | 33,476,688[6] | ||||
| - | Density | 3.41/km2 (228th) 8.3/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.396 trillion[7] (14th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $40,541[7] (12th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.736 trillion (10th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $50,436[7] (9th) | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 32.1[8] (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.908[9] (very high) (6th) |
|||||
| Currency | Canadian dollar ($) (CAD) |
|||||
| Time zone | (UTC−3.5 to −8) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−2.5 to −7) | ||||
| Date formats | dd-mm-yyyy, mm-dd-yyyy, and yyyy-mm-dd (CE) | |||||
| Drives on the | Right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | CA | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ca | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. Canada's diversified economy is one of the world's largest, and is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth of Nations, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and United Nations.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Name of Canada
The name Canada comes from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[11] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada.[11]
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. The area was later split into two British colonies, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. They were reunified as the Province of Canada in 1841.[12]
Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country's title.[13] However, as Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982.[14]
History[link]
Main article: History of Canada
See also: List of years in Canada
Aboriginal peoples[link]
Main article: Aboriginal peoples in Canada
Archaeological studies and analyses of DNA haplogroups have indicated a human presence in the northern Yukon region from 24,500 BC, and in southern Ontario from 7500 BC.[15][16][17] The Paleo-Indian archaeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada.[18][19][20] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks.[21][22] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, and have only been discovered through archaeological investigations.[23]
The aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 200,000[24] and two million in the late 15th century,[25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Health.[26] As a consequence of the European colonization, Canada's aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty- to eighty-percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.[24] Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations,[27] Inuit,[28] and Métis.[29] The Métis are a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers.[30] In general, the Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during the colonization period.[31]
European colonization[link]
Main articles: New France and Canada under British rule (1763–1867)
Further information: Former colonies and territories in Canada
The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD.[32] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored Canada's Atlantic coast for England.[33] Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century.[34] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River, where on July 24 he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France", and took possession of the territory in the name of King Francis I of France.[35]
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.[36] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603, and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. Among the French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.[37]
The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. The Thirteen Colonies were founded to the south soon after.[34] A series of four French and Indian Wars erupted between 1689 and 1763.[38] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War.[39]
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia.[14] St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769.[40] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the American Revolution.[14]
The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.[41]
The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Following the war, large-scale immigration to Canada from Britain and Ireland began in 1815.[25] Between 1825 and 1846, 626,628 European immigrants reportedly landed at Canadian ports.[43] Between one-quarter and one-third of all Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891 died of infectious diseases.[24]
The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture.[14] The Act of Union 1840 merged The Canadas into a united Province of Canada. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849.[44] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858).[45]
Confederation and expansion[link]
Main articles: Canadian Confederation and Territorial evolution of Canada
Following several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces – Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[46][47][48] Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870.[49] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the Confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[50] Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his Conservative government established a National Policy of tariffs to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries.[48]
To open the West, the government sponsored the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory.[51][52] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon Territory. Under the Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental European immigrants settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.[50]
Early 20th century[link]
Main article: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps. The Corps played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war.[53] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, around 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 were wounded.[54] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objections of French-speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain,[53] and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.[4]
The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[55] Canada declared war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939.[53]
Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid, the Allied invasion of Italy, the Normandy landings, the Battle of Normandy, and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944.[53] Canada provided asylum for the monarchy of the Netherlands while that country was occupied, and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany.[56] The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.[53] Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.[57]
Modern times[link]
The Dominion of Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) was unified with Canada in 1949.[58] Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[59] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[60] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[61] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[62] Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada's constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[63] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.[64]
At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970,[65] and the sovereignist Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990.[66] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West.[67][68] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional, and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.[66]
In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;[69] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[70] and the Oka Crisis of 1990,[71] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups.[72] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force, and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the late 1990s.[73] Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001, but declined to send forces to Iraq when the US invaded in 2003.[74] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan civil war.[75]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Canada
Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the US state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.[76][77] Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland.
By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.[77] The country lies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52° and 141°W.
Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude,[78] but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole.[79] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202,080 kilometres (125,570 mi);[77] additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi).[80]
Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.[82] Canada has around 31,700 large lakes,[83] more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.[84] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains. Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[85] The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.[86]
Canada's population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5 /sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[87]
Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[88] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[89]
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Government of Canada and Politics of Canada
See also: Elections in Canada and List of political parties in Canada
Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[90][91][92][93] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's ten provinces and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Governor General of Canada (presently David Lloyd Johnston), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.[94][95]
The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited;[92][96][97] in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (presently Stephen Harper),[98] the head of government, though the governor general or monarch may in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice.[96] To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.[99] The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and heads of